By the mids, higher-end cell phones commonly had integrated digital cameras.
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In camera phones outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in they outsold film and digital stand-alone cameras. Five billion camera phones were sold in five years, and by more than half of the installed base of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in Many early smartphones didn't have cameras at all, and earlier models that had them had low performance and insufficient image and video quality that could not compete with budget pocket cameras and fulfill user's needs. The decline in sales of stand-alone cameras accelerated due to the increasing use of smartphones with rapidly improving camera technology for casual photography, easier image manipulation , and abilities to directly share photos through the use of apps and web-based services.
In , digital camera sales were Contributing to the rise in popularity of smartphones being used over dedicated cameras for photography, smaller pocket cameras have difficulty producing bokeh in images, but nowadays, some smartphones have dual-lens cameras that reproduce the bokeh effect easily, and can even rearrange the level of bokeh after shooting. This works by capturing multiple images with different focus settings, then combining the background of the main image with a macro focus shot.
In the Nokia N95 was notable as a smartphone that had a 5. By 5. In the Samsung Omnia HD was the first phone with p video recording. A megapixel smartphone with 3x optical zoom was announced in late In Apple introduced the iPhone 7 Plus , one of the phones to popularize a dual camera setup.
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The Nokia 9 PureView was released in featuring a penta-lens camera system. A distinction between different camera software is the method used to store high frame rate video footage, with more recent phones [a] retaining both the image sensor's original output frame rate and audio, while earlier phones do not record audio and stretch the video so it can be played back slowly at default speed. While the stretched encoding method used on earlier phones enables slow motion playback on video player software that lacks manual playback speed control, typically found on older devices, if the aim were to achieve a slow motion effect, the real-time method used by more recent phones offers greater versatility for video editing, where slowed down portions of the footage can be freely selected by the user, and exported into a separate video.
A rudimentary video editing software for this purpose is usually precluded. The video can optionally be played back at normal real-time speed, acting as usual video.
The earliest smartphone known to feature a slow motion mode is the Samsung i Omnia II , which can record at QVGA × at fps frames per second. In late , the Galaxy Note 2 brought back slow motion, with D1 × at fps. In early , the Galaxy S4 and HTC One M7 recorded at that frame rate with ×, followed by the Note 3 and iPhone 5s with p × in late , the latter of which retaines audio and original sensor frame rate, as with all later iPhones.
In late , the iPhone 6 doubled the frame rate to fps, and in late , the iPhone 6s added support for p × at frames per second. In early , the Galaxy S6 became the first Samsung mobile phone to retain the sensor framerate and audio, and in early , the Galaxy S7 became the first Samsung mobile phone with fps recording, also at p. In early , the MT chipset by MediaTek promised p fps video recording.
The project's status remains indefinite.
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Since early , starting with the Sony Xperia XZ , smartphones have been released with a slow motion mode that unsustainably records at framerates multiple times as high, by temporarily storing frames on the image sensor's internal burst memory. Such a recording endures few real-time seconds at most. In late , the iPhone 8 brought p at fps, as well as p at 60fps, followed by the Galaxy S9 in early In late , the OnePlus 6 brought p at fps, sustainable for one minute. Emphasis is being put on the front camera since the mids, where front cameras have reached resolutions as high as typical rear cameras, such as the LG G4 8 megapixels , Sony Xperia C5 Ultra 13 megapixels , and Sony Xperia XA Ultra 16 megapixels, optically stabilized.
The LG V10 brought a dual front camera system where the second has a wider angle for group photography. Samsung implemented a front-camera sweep panorama panorama selfie feature since the Galaxy Note 4 to extend the field of view. Apple adapted p front camera video with the late iPhone 7. In , smartphones started adapting p 4K video recording on the front camera, six years after rear camera p commenced with the Galaxy Note 3.
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In the early s, larger smartphones with screen sizes of at least millimetres 5. Some companies began to release smartphones in incorporating flexible displays to create curved form factors, such as the Samsung Galaxy Round and LG G Flex. By , p displays began to appear on high-end smartphones. New trends for smartphone displays began to emerge in , with both LG and Samsung releasing flagship smartphones LG G6 and Galaxy S8 , utilizing displays with taller aspect ratios than the common ratio, and a high screen-to-body ratio, also known as a "bezel-less design".
These designs allow the display to have a larger diagonal measurement, but with a slimmer width than displays with an equivalent screen size. Another trend popularized in were displays containing tab-like cut-outs at the top-centre—colloquially known as a "notch"—to contain the front-facing camera, and sometimes other sensors typically located along the top bezel of a device.
This design characteristic appeared almost simultaneously on the Sharp Aquos S2 and the Essential Phone , [] which featured circular tabs for their cameras, followed just a month later by the iPhone X , which used a wider tab to contain a camera and facial scanning system known as Face ID. Other variations of the practice later emerged, such as a "hole-punch" camera such as those of the Honor View 20, and Samsung's Galaxy A8s and Galaxy S10 —eschewing the tabbed "notch" for a circular or rounded-rectangular cut-out within the screen instead, [] while Oppo released the first "all-screen" phones with no notches at all, [] including one with a mechanical front camera that pops up from the top of the device Find X , [] and a prototype for a front-facing camera that can be embedded and hidden below the display, using a special partially-translucent screen structure that allows light to reach the image sensor below the panel.
Refresh rates greater than 60 Hz first appeared in on the Razer Phone and Sharp Aquos R Compact, and were popularized by several brands in Devices with a high refresh rate have lower motion blur and input lag. Smartphones utilizing flexible displays were theorized as possible once manufacturing costs and production processes were feasible. Also that month, Samsung presented a prototype phone featuring an "Infinity Flex Display" at its developers conference, with a smaller, outer display on its "cover", and a larger, tablet-sized display when opened.
Samsung stated that it also had to develop a new polymer material to coat the display as opposed to glass. The first smartphone with a fingerprint reader was the Motorola Atrix 4G in One of the barriers of fingerprint reading amongst consumers was security concerns, however Apple was able to address these concerns by encrypting this fingerprint data onto the A7 Processor located inside the phone as well as make sure this information could not be accessed by third-party applications and is not stored in iCloud or Apple servers [].
In , Fairphone launched its first "socially ethical" smartphone at the London Design Festival to address concerns regarding the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing [] followed by Shiftphone in In October , Motorola Mobility announced Project Ara , a concept for a modular smartphone platform that would allow users to customize and upgrade their phones with add-on modules that attached magnetically to a frame. Microsoft, expanding upon the concept of Motorola's short-lived "Webtop", unveiled functionality for its Windows 10 operating system for phones that allows supported devices to be docked for use with a PC-styled desktop environment.
Samsung and LG used to be the "last standing" manufacturers to offer flagship devices with user-replaceable batteries. But in , Samsung succumbed to the minimalism trend set by Apple, introducing the Galaxy S6 without a user-replaceable battery.
Major technologies that began to trend in included a focus on virtual reality and augmented reality experiences catered towards smartphones, the newly introduced USB-C connector, and improving LTE technologies. In , the first smartphones featuring fingerprint readers embedded within OLED displays were announced, followed in by an implementation using an ultrasonic sensor on the Samsung Galaxy S In , the majority of smartphones released have more than one camera, are waterproof with IP67 and IP68 ratings, and unlock using facial recognition or fingerprint scanners.
In , the first smartphones featuring high-speed 5G network capability were announced. Smartphones have central processing units CPUs , similar to those in computers, but optimised to operate in low power environments. The performance of mobile CPU depends not only on the clock rate generally given in multiples of hertz [] but also on the memory hierarchy. Because of these challenges, the performance of mobile phone CPUs is often more appropriately given by scores derived from various standardized tests to measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications.
One of the main characteristics of smartphones is the screen. Depending on the device's design, the screen fills most or nearly all of the space on a device's front surface. Many smartphone displays have an aspect ratio of , but taller aspect ratios became more common in Screen sizes are measured in diagonal inches. Phones with screens larger than 5. Smartphones with screens over 4. Due to design advances, some modern smartphones with large screen sizes and "edge-to-edge" designs have compact builds that improve their ergonomics, while the shift to taller aspect ratios have resulted in phones that have larger screen sizes whilst maintaining the ergonomics associated with smaller displays.
Some displays are integrated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those developed by Wacom and Samsung , [] and Apple's Force Touch system. A few phones, such as the YotaPhone prototype, are equipped with a low-power electronic paper rear display, as used in e-book readers. The latter was utilized by few phones such as the Samsung Galaxy S4 , Note 3 , S5 , and Sony Xperia Sola for preview tooltips such as on the video player 's seek bar, in text messages, and quick contacts on the dial pad , lock screen animation, and the simulation of a hovering mouse cursor on web sites.
Few devices such as the iPhone 6s until iPhone Xs and Huawei Mate S are equipped with a pressure-sensitive touch screen , where the pressure may be used to simulate a gas pedal in video games, access to preview windows and shortcut menus, controlling the typing cursor, and a weight scale, the lastest of which has been rejected by Appl efrom the App Store.
Many smartphones except Apple iPhones are equipped with low-power light-emitting diodes besides the screen that are able to notify the user about incoming messages, missed calls, low battery levels, and facilitate locating the mobile phone in darkness, with marginial power consumption. To distinguish between the sources of notifications, the colour combination and blinking pattern can vary.
Usually three diodes in red, green, and blue RGB are able to create a multitude of colour combinations. Smartphones are equipped with a multitude of sensors to enable system features and third-party applications.
Accelerometers and gyroscopes enable automatic control of screen rotation. Uses by third-party software include bubble level simulation. An ambient light sensor allows for automatic screen brightness and contrast adjustment, and an RGB sensor enables the adaption of screen colour. Many mobile phones are also equipped with a barometer sensor to measure air pressure, such as Samsung since with the Galaxy S3 , and Apple since with the iPhone 6.
It allows estimating and detecting changes in altitude. A magnetometer can act as a digital compass by measuring Earth's magnetic field. Samsung equips their flagship smartphones since the Galaxy S5 and Galaxy Note 4 with a heart rate sensor to assist in fitness-related uses and act as a shutter key for the front-facing camera. So far, only the Samsung Galaxy S4 and Note 3 are equipped with an ambient temperature sensor and a humidity sensor , and only the Note 4 with an ultraviolet radiation sensor which could warn the user about excessive exposure.
Due to their currently rare occurance among smartphones, not much software to utilize these sensors has been developed yet. While eMMC embedded multi media card flash storage was most commonly used in mobile phones, its successor, UFS Universal Flash Storage with higher transfer rates emerged throughout the s for upper-class devices.
Benefits over USB on the go storage and cloud storage include offline availability and privacy , not reserving the charging port , no connection instability or latency , no dependence on voluminous data plans , and preservation of the limited rewriting cycles of the device's permanent internal storage. In case of technical defects which make the device unusable or un bootable as a result of liquid damage, fall damage, screen damage, bending damage , malware , or bogus system updates , [] etc.
A memory card can usually [b] immediately be re-used in a different memory-card-enabled device with no necessity for prior file transfers. Some dual-SIM mobile phones are equipped with a hybrid slot, where one of the two slots can be occupied by either a SIM card or a memory card. Originally, mass storage access was commonly enabled to computers through USB.
Over time, mass storage access was removed, leaving the Media Transfer Protocol as protocol for USB file transfer, due to its non-exclusive access ability where the computer is able to access the storage without it being locked away from the mobile phone's software for the duration of the connection, and no necessity for common file system support, as communication is done through an abstraction layer. However, unlike mass storage, Media Transfer Protocol lacks parallelism, meaning that only a single transfer can run at a time, for which other transfer requests need to wait to finish.
In addition, the direct access of files through MTP is not supported. Any file is wholly downloaded from the device before opened.
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Sound quality can remain a problem due to the design of the phone, the quality of the cellular network and compression algorithms used in long-distance calls. The small speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with an audio component, without holding the phone close to the ear. Some mobile phones such as the HTC One M8 and the Sony Xperia Z2 are equipped with stereophonic speakers to create spacial sound when in horizontal orientation. The 3. Among devices equipped with the connector, it is more commonly located at the bottom charging port side than on the top of the device.
The decline of the connector's availability among newly released mobile phones among all major vendors commenced in with its lack on the Apple iPhone 7. An adapter reserving the charging port can retrofit the plug. Battery-powered, wireless Bluetooth headphones are an alternative. Those tend to be costlier however due to their need for internal hardware such as a Bluetooth transceiver , and a Bluetooth coupling is required ahead of each operation. A smartphone typically uses a lithium-ion battery due to its high energy density. Batteries chemically wear down as a result of repeated charging and discharging throughout ordinary usage, losing both energy capacity and output power, which results in loss of processing speeds followed by system outages.
While such a design had initially been used in most mobile phones, including those with touch screen that were not Apple iPhones , it has largely been usurped throughout the s by permanently built-in, non-replaceable batteries; a design practice criticized for planned obsolescence.